International Inventories Programme (IIP)
In brief
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International Inventories Programme (2018 - 2021) is an artistic, research and curatorial project that investigates Kenyan objects held in cultural institutions outside of Kenya. It brings together a constellation of cultural entities; the National Museum of Kenya (NMK) in Nairobi, the Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum (RJM) in Cologne, the Weltkulturen Museum in Frankfurt and the artist collectives Nest (representatives: Jim Chuchu and Dr. Njoki Ngumi) and SHIFT (Sam Hopkins, Marian Nur Goni, Simon Rittmeier).
The explicit intention and question of International Inventories Programme is, how to make objects which currently reside in a institutions within the global North, including German museums present again in contemporary Kenya? Artists and scholars will approach this question through new artworks (such as video, installations, photography) and academic research. The results of this process will be exhibited at the National Museum of Kenya, the Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum in Cologne and the Weltkulturen Museum in Frankfurt in 2021.
Clearly rooted in Nairobi, IIP radiates outwards towards affiliated object collections in the Global "North". This positioning of the project is explicit and conscious; in order to work through entangled colonial legacies, it is essential to move beyond the emerging institutional awareness of the “North” to engage with discourses and discussions from the "South". If we genuinely believe in ideas of shared heritage and histories, notions such as the "Universal Museum" should also be applicable to museums located outside of the heart of the former colonial empires. One of the aims of the project is to experiment the implications of this positioning from the testing ground of Nairobi.
Background
International Inventories Programme is the follow up project to Letter to Lagat (2015), a book project by artists Sam Hopkins and Simon Rittmeier, which meditates on ownership, copies and agency, investigated through the lens of a collection of African objects and artefacts archived at the Iwalewahaus (Bayreuth, Germany). This project is part of a family of intentions developed over the course of the last few years by artists and scholars, mainly residing in Europe, that explored the manifold issues related to the sprawling collections (artefacts, artworks, human remains) and archives held in ethnographic museums in former empires’ capitals (to name but a few, see for instance Ali Cherri’s installation Somniculus (2017) at Jeu de Paume, Paris / CAPC, Bordeaux, Kapwani Kiwanga’s 2014 The Maji Maji project, Jan Nikolai Nelles and Nora Al-Badri’s The Other Nefertiti etc.).
Indeed, increasingly, these institutions themselves call upon artists to address them, with the risk, as researcher Lotte Arndt astutely observes, “that (they) will appropriate these works cosmetically and evacuate fundamental power consideration” (Lotte Arndt, « Vestiges of Oblivion – Sammy Baloji’s Works on Skulls in European Museum Collections », darkmatter in the ruins of imperial culture, November 2013).
Raising these discussions and debates in the North, and from the perspective of its overfilled, silent storerooms, is necessary and urgent; they embody, and intersect with, legacies of colonial histories which European societies have only recently started to deal with. Yet, by approaching this topic from the perspective of Nairobi, International Inventories Programme opens an urgently required dialogue that affords a joint-research endeavour of researchers and artists from both the North and the South.
Many of the injustices of the colonial period cannot be undone, but the tangible area of dispossessed physical objects can be researched and addressed. In the current debates over object repatriations, particularly intense since the release of the Sarr/Savoy report to the French president Macron (November 23, 2018), IIP aspires to contribute to this public, much-needed discussion through engaging artworks which are informed by detailed academic research.
Conceptual Framework
Twofold in its objectives, International Inventories Programme tries simultaneously to look backward and forward, and to fully take into account past, present and future stakes, in all their own material, technological and emotional dimensions.
Casting our eyes into the past; what kind of objects did leave Kenya during (and after) the colonial time, and under what conditions (Hey, that's our stuff: Maasai tribespeople tackle Oxford's Pitt Rivers Museum, The Guardian, December 4, 2018)? What role do they perform abroad and what stories do they recount? What memories and acts did these objects leave (not leave) behind? And more generally, what does it mean and imply, routinely and locally, to face these voids? How have knowledge production and transmission been affected or transformed by these processes?
Peering into the future; what other stories can these objects narrate today? And how can we imagine a convalescence of a situation which sees overfilled stores in the North facing meagre and sparse museum collections in sub-Saharan Africa? What creative responses can be imagined to repair and mend these complex situations? What does repatriation imply? Could strategies making use of 3D printing and other digital technologies potentially create emancipatory practices, at least in terms of the relations and conversations they try to give birth to?
More broadly, given the colonial legacy of museums in Africa and Alpha Oumar Konaré’s famous statement delivered at ICOM in 1991, has the time finally come to invent new forms to preserve and enhance patrimonies, new modes which would be meaningful to local communities and societies? What new curatorial practices could this debate trigger?
The NMK in Nairobi - A Laboratory Platform
Drawing inspiration from the arsenal of concepts coined by institutions holding contested colonial object collections in the North, from the “universal” to notions of “shared heritage” - what would happen if we also started to consider museums situated in the South as “museums of the world for the world”? Not specifically in terms of the overarching collections they hold today but as places where we could very legitimately “re-examine cultural identities and explore the complex network of interconnected world cultures” (Excerpt from a British Museum’s leaflet concerning the Parthenon Marbles, in Binns, « The Universal Museum: a neo-colonial device? », BA Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of Southampton, 2011, p. 57.)?
This becomes particularly evident if we look beyond the sole lens of the colonial encounter, and the North-South, top-down politico-cultural axis it shaped, at the rich historical connections that East Africa has established. The centuries-long Indian Ocean trade with the Arabian and Indian subcontinents, diplomatic connections with China in the fifteenth century and early commitment to the Non-Aligned Movement being just some examples of significant and powerful 'extra European' relationships. Contemporary Nairobi, a melting point of communities from all over the African continent, is further testament to this. Our idea is to turn the NMK into a huge, creative laboratory platform where these questions, mindful of history and the place from where they are formulated and imagined, could be reworked to be meaningful both for communities at local and global level.
Indeed what do “shared” or “contested” heritages mean, when evaluated from the perspectives of communities in Kenya or of the NMK in Nairobi? We would like to re-examine these contested notions, starting with the Museum itself as a contested space in its own right, as productive sites to investigate historical, cultural and power relations in all their dimensions and dynamics but, first and foremost, in their interplays with local and “global” experiences.
Working method and approach
International Inventories Programme consists of a constellation of artists, curators and academics with different backgrounds and mindful of the positions from which they speak and work, spanning various countries between Europe and Africa. Our working method and approach is structured to afford creative freedom and support to all participants. Our ambition is to produce accessible, discursive artworks which are rooted in Kenya but equally relevant to publics abroad.
As previously suggested, historical and contemporary acquisition and custody of cultural objects from Kenya by global cultural institutions may have created cultural knowledge gaps in the Kenyan public as well as academics due to, among other factors, the inaccessibility of said objects.
Further to the inaccessibility of the objects, there is scattered knowledge as to the existence and extent of Kenyan cultural collections abroad. Of the known collections, it is noted that some of these inventories sometimes lack information or contain data errors with regards to provenance, acquisition modalities, context and purpose of the objects. Due to lack of a sharing framework between institutions, researchers and the general public, this situation perpetuates not only misrepresentations and mis-attributions, but also, most importantly, asymmetric knowledge production and relations.
Therefore, the aim of the IIP project is to:
• Generate a comprehensive inventory of Kenyan artifacts and cultural objects held in public institutions abroad.
• Build exchange relations and strengthen collaboration and cooperation between NMK and key cultural institutions who possess and hold in custody Kenyan objects as part of their collections.
• Exchange knowledge which will help to properly identify and display the said objects.
• From this inventory and object-research, create a curatorial principle for exhibitions in Kenya and Germany.
Project Timeline and Outputs
In July 2018, International Inventories Programme was awarded an Excellence Initiative grant by the Goethe-Institute in Munich, Germany.
• So far, two workshops have been held at the NMK in Nairobi in March and September 2018, thanks to the support by the Goethe-Institut Nairobi and the Institut français de recherche en Afrique (IFRA-Nairobi), gathering professionals from the Public Programmes and Cultural Heritage Department of the museum, artists and researchers from Kenya (The Nest Collective) and from Germany and France (SHIFT Collective). A third workshop is set to take place in Cologne in September 2019 at the Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum (RJM).
• At least two exhibitions will be displayed respectively in 2020 and 2021 at the NMK in Nairobi, Kenya and at the RJM in Cologne and Weltkulturen Museum in Frankfurt, Germany.
• A series of research-based artworks and researches - approaching objects’ "translocations" (Bénédicte Savoy, 2015) and the related questions of presence/absence, possession/dispossession, ownership, agency and value(s) - will be created.
• Extensive public programmes will be developed for the exhibitions in both museums.
• Different kinds of publications (academic paper, a catalogue, blog posts) will also be produced during and after the project.
Who we are
The IIP project formalizes the research and artistic collaboration between:
• The National Museums of Kenya (NMK) - A multi-disciplinary state corporation whose role is to collect, preserve, study, document and present Kenya’s past and present cultural and natural heritage. Participating members include: Mr. Juma Ondeng’ (Coordinator of Public Programs), Ms. Njeri Gachihii (Research Scientist), Ms. Lydia Nafula (Research Scientist) and Mr. Philemon Nyamanga (Research Scientist).
• The Nest Collective (Kenya) - a Nairobi-based multi-disciplinary arts collective working with film, fashion, music and visual arts projects that explore Kenyan identities. Participating members include: Mr. Jim Chuchu (Director), Dr. Njoki Ngumi (Head of Learning and Development).
• The SHIFT Collective (France / Germany), a collective of creative practitioners engaged in speculative imaginations about the cultural ebb and flow between the African continent and beyond. Participating members include: Mr. Sam Hopkins (Artist), Dr. Marian Nur Goni (Researcher) and Mr. Simon Rittmeier (Artist).
Additional partners
Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum (RJM), Cologne
Weltkulturenmuseum, Frankfurt
Goethe-Institut Nariobi, Kenya
French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA), Nairobi
Contact
International Inventories Programme
c/o The National Museums of Kenya
Cultural Heritage Department
Museum Hill
P.O. BOX 40658- 00100
Nairobi, Kenya